A patient requiring large intestine cancer screening would need which type of surgery?

Colonoscopy is the correct choice for large intestine cancer screening because it allows for a direct visual examination of the entire colon and rectum. During a colonoscopy, a flexible tube equipped with a camera and light is inserted into the rectum to view the lining of the colon in detail. This procedure not only helps in identifying abnormal growths or polyps that may indicate the presence of cancer, but also allows for biopsies to be taken if necessary.

While sigmoidoscopy is used to examine only the lower part of the colon (the sigmoid colon and rectum), it does not provide a complete assessment of the large intestine. Endoscopy generally refers to examining the upper part of the digestive tract, including the esophagus and stomach, rather than the colon. Gastroscopy is specifically focused on the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, making it irrelevant for large intestine cancer screening. Therefore, for comprehensive screening of large intestine cancer, colonoscopy is the preferred method.